Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Journal of Modern Mechanical Engineering and Technology

Articles

Vol. 1 No. 1 (2014)

Advances of Some Recent Mechanical Models on Emergency Evacuation

DOI
https://doi.org/10.15377/2409-9848.2014.01.01.4
Submitted
May 13, 2014
Published
2014-05-13

Abstract

Since the rapid development of the society, the living area of human beings has become much wider and more complicated. Over the past decades, crowd evacuation of public places has always been a hot topic in terms of public security studies. From the early twentieth century, emergency evacuation models have emerged, developing from statistic methods to mathematical models and recently, computer simulation models. In this paper, the classic mechanical models from the very beginning are reviewed. Utilizing the available literatures, we compare the nouveau models with the classic ones and highlight their advances. The key observation is that the consideration of individual and collective behaviours of the crowd and the appropriate scale of the model should have significant influences on the modeling performances. Finally, the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics models are introduced as a recent advance, which takes into consideration both the individual and collective behaviours of the crowd.

References

  1. Gwynne S, Galea ER, Owen M, Lawrence PJ, Filippidis L. A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment [J]. Building and Environment 1999; 34(6): 741-749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(98)00057-2
  2. Gingold RA, Monaghan JJ. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: theory and application to non-spherical stars [J]. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 1977; 181(3): 375-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/181.3.375
  3. Cisek M, Kapalka M. The Use of Fine–Coarse Network Model for Simulating Building Evacuation with Information System[M]//Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics. Springer US 2011; pp. 481-491.
  4. Pan X, Han CS, Dauber K, Law KH. A multi-agent based framework for the simulation of human and social behaviors during emergency evacuations [J]. AI & Society 2007; 22(2): 113-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00146-007-0126-1
  5. Shi J, Ren A, Chen C. Agent-based evacuation model of large public buildings under fire conditions [J]. Automation in Construction 2009; 18(3): 338-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2008.09.009
  6. Ozel F. Time pressure and stress as a factor during emergency egress [J]. Safety Science 2001; 38(2): 95-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00061-8
  7. Lo SM, Huang HC, Wang P, Yuen KK. A game theory based exit selection model for evacuation [J]. Fire Safety Journal 2006; 41(5): 364-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.02.003
  8. Pelechano N, Badler NI. Modeling crowd and trained leader behavior during building evacuation [J]. Departmental Papers (CIS) 2006; 272.
  9. Shen TS. ESM: a building evacuation simulation model [J]. Building and Environment 2005; 40(5): 671-680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.08.029
  10. Pires TT. An approach for modeling human cognitive behavior in evacuation models [J]. Fire Safety Journal 2005; 40(2): 177-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2004.10.004
  11. Heïgeas L, Luciani A, Thollot J, Castagné N. A physicallybased particle model of emergent crowd behaviors [J]. arXiv preprint arXiv:1005.4405 2010.
  12. Cepolina EM. Phased evacuation: an optimisation model which takes into account the capacity drop phenomenon in pedestrian flows [J]. Fire Safety Journal 2009; 44(4): 532- 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.11.002
  13. Pal A, Graettinger AJ, Triche MH. Emergency evacuation modeling based on geographical information system data[C]//CD-ROM Proceedings of the 2003 TRB Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. 2003.
  14. Church RL, Cova TJ. Mapping evacuation risk on transportation networks using a spatial optimization model [J]. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 2000; 8(1): 321-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0968-090X(00)00019-X
  15. Hughes RL. The flow of large crowds of pedestrians [J]. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 2000; 53(4): 367- 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4754(00)00228-7
  16. Hughes RL. A continuum theory for the flow of pedestrians [J]. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 2002; 36(6): 507-535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(01)00015-7
  17. Helbing D, Molnar P. Social force model for pedestrian dynamics [J]. Physical Review E 1995; 51(5): 4282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.51.4282
  18. Helbing D, Farkas I, Vicsek T. Simulating dynamical features of escape panic [J]. Nature 2000; 407(6803): 487-490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35035023
  19. Blue VJ, Adler JL. Cellular automata microsimulation for modeling bi-directional pedestrian walkways [J]. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 2001; 35(3): 293-312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(99)00052-1
  20. Blue VJ, Adler JL. Emergent fundamental pedestrian flows from cellular automata microsimulation [J]. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1998; 1644(1): 29-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1644-04
  21. Zheng XP, Zhong T, Liu M. Review on the Simulation Approaches of Crowd Evacuation (in Chinese) [J]. Journal of Systems & Management 2008; 6: 017.
  22. Hu Q, Fang WN, Li GY, Ding L. Influence of Exit Layout of a Metro Station on Pedestrian Evacuation [J]. Journal of the China Railway Society 2009; 3.
  23. Kong LA, Zhou AT, Jing GX, Liu DH. Predetermination and analyse of crowd evacuation time (in Chinese) [J]. China Safety Science Journal 2005; 15(11): 16-18.
  24. Lu ZM, Qin WH. Simulation of crowd evacuation in fire based on agent behaviour (in Chinese) [J]. 2011.
  25. Chen T, Ying ZG, Shen SF, Yuan HY, Fan WC. Evacuation simulation and analyse of social force model influenced by relative viscosity (in Chinese) [J]. Progress in Natural Science 2007; 16(12): 1606-1612.
  26. Hughes RL. The flow of human crowds [J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 2003; 35(1): 169-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161136
  27. Cao AC, Yang XT, Hou XD. Crowd evacuation model for large sports venues based on multi-Agent and Cellular Automata technology (in Chinese) [J]. Computer Engineering and Applications 2013; 49(24): 24
  28. Thompson PA, Marchant EW. A computer model for the evacuation of large building populations [J]. Fire Safety Journal 1995; 24(2): 131-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(95)00019-P
  29. Pu S, Zlatanova S. Evacuation route calculation of inner buildings[M]//Geo-information for disaster management. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2005; pp. 1143-1161.
  30. Hobeika AG, Kim C. Comparison of traffic assignments in evacuation modeling [J]. Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions on 1998; 45(2): 192-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/17.669768
  31. Han LD, Yuan F, Chin SM, Hwang H. Global optimization of emergency evacuation assignments [J]. Interfaces 2006; 36(6): 502-513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.1060.0251
  32. Lo SM, Fang Z, Lin P, Zhi GS. An evacuation model: the SGEM package [J]. Fire Safety Journal 2004; 39(3): 169- 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2003.10.003
  33. Lo SM, Fang Z. A spatial-grid evacuation model for buildings [J]. Journal of Fire Sciences 2000; 18(5): 376-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490410001800503
  34. Chen SK, Liu S, Xiao X, Hong J, Mao BH. M/G/c/c-based model of passenger evacuation capacity of stairs and corridors in metro stations [J]. Journal of the China Railway Society 2012; 34(1): 7-12.
  35. Sun L, Zhao LD. Research of evacuations in crowded places based on cluster dynamic model (in Chinese) [J]. Journal of Safety and Environment 2007; 7(5): 124-127.
  36. Schadschneider A, Klingsch W, Klüpfel H, Kretz T, Rogsch C, Seyfried A. Evacuation dynamics: Empirical results, modeling and applications[M]//Encyclopedia of complexity and systems science. Springer New York 2009; pp. 3142- 3176.
  37. http:// code.google.com/p/sph-turb
  38. Chen S, Fang L, Qu B, A numerical method for tracking the deformation of fluid particles, Applied Mechanics and Materials 2014; 556-562: 3752-3755.
  39. Liu FY, Fang LA. Local regrouping method in the 2D SPH simulation. Applied Mechanics and Materials 2014; 556-562: 3756-3759.